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Civil Disobedience (Thoreau)
''Resistance to Civil Government'' (''Civil Disobedience'') is an essay by American transcendentalist Henry David Thoreau that was first published in 1849. In it, Thoreau argues that individuals should not permit governments to overrule or atrophy their consciences, and that they have a duty to avoid allowing such acquiescence to enable the government to make them the agents of injustice. Thoreau was motivated in part by his disgust with slavery and the Mexican–American War (1846-1848).
==Title==
In 1848, Thoreau gave lectures at the Concord Lyceum entitled "The Rights and Duties of the Individual in relation to Government."〔Thoreau, H. D. letter to R. W. Emerson, 23 February 1848.〕 This formed the basis for his essay, which was first published under the title ''Resistance to Civil Government'' in 1849 in an anthology called ''Æsthetic Papers''. The latter title distinguished Thoreau's program from that of the "non-resistants" (anarcho-pacifists) who were expressing similar views. ''Resistance'' also served as part of Thoreau's metaphor comparing the government to a machine: when the machine was producing injustice, it was the duty of conscientious citizens to be "a counter friction" (i.e., a resistance) "to stop the machine."〔(Resistance to Civil Government (¶18). )〕
In 1866, four years after Thoreau's death, the essay was reprinted in a collection of Thoreau's work (''A Yankee in Canada, with Anti-Slavery and Reform Papers'') under the title ''Civil Disobedience''. Today, the essay also appears under the title ''On the Duty of Civil Disobedience'', perhaps to contrast it with William Paley's ''Of the Duty of Civil Obedience'' to which Thoreau was in part responding. For instance, the 1960 New American Library Signet Classics edition of ''Walden'' included a version with this title. ''On Civil Disobedience'' is another common title.
The word ''civil'' has several definitions. The one that is intended in this case is "relating to citizens and their interrelations with one another or with the state", and so ''civil disobedience'' means "disobedience to the state". Sometimes people assume that ''civil'' in this case means "observing accepted social forms; polite" which would make ''civil disobedience'' something like ''polite, orderly disobedience''. Although this is an acceptable dictionary definition of the word ''civil'', it is not what is intended here. This misinterpretation is one reason the essay is sometimes considered to be an argument for pacifism or for exclusively nonviolent resistance. For instance, Mahatma Gandhi used this interpretation to suggest an equivalence between Thoreau's civil disobedience and his own satyagraha.〔Rosenwald, Lawrence, ''The Theory, Practice & Influence of Thoreau's Civil Disobedience'', quoting Gandhi, M. K., ''Non-Violent Resistance'', pp. 3-4 and 14.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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